In religion, transcendence relates to the aspects of existence that lie beyond the material world. It is often assumed that without religion transcendence is superfluous. But do non-religious people also have transcendental needs?

Maslow’s Pyramid of Needs proposes a hierarchy of human needs to be fulfilled at different levels. Based on this, do non-religious people need something to replace “religious” experience in order to fulfil their transcendental needs? And if so, how might this be achieved?